Full Diversity Space Time Codes for Next Generation Wireless Sensor Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.23.2.3537Keywords:
Space Time Code (STC), Zero Forcing Algorithm (ZF), Minimum Mean Squared Error Detector (MMSE), Quadriga, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)Abstract
For the next generation of wireless sensor networks, this research paper proposes two distinguished, robust space-time codes with low complexity and full diversity. The channel is constructed using Quasi-deterministic radio channel generation (Quadriga), which pursues a geometric stochastic model. This paper discusses an uplink perspective on an industrial communication system. A master node design with four distributed antennas is suggested. Two antennas are available on slave nodes, where the proposed space time coding can be used. Additionally, zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE)-based low-complexity decoders are designed. The proposed codes outperform the Alamouti code under identical circumstances, according to simulation data. The simulation results show that a coding gain of about 5dB in comparison to Alamouti code is achieved. A high coding gain is attained, which results in a more reliable transmission, according to the bit error rate (BER). This research paper significantly contributes to the standardization of the next-generation wireless sensor networks.
References
K. G. Shanthi, S. Sesha Vidhya, G. Vishali, R. V. Uma, M. Thanuja, and S. Srinitha, “Industrial wireless sensor networks with real time data access,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 80, pp. 2760-2764, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.033.
W. Liu, and H. Huang, “Design of reliable control software for wireless sensor network testbed,” Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electronic Technology and Information Science (ICETIS 2023), SPIE, 2023, vol. 12715, pp. 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2682329.
D. Dupleich, N. Han, A. Ebert, R. Müller, S. Ludwig, A. Artemenko, J. Eichinger, T. Geiss, G. Del Galdo, and R. Thomä, “From sub-6 GHz to mm-wave: Simultaneous multi-band characterization of propagation from measurements in industry scenarios,” Proceedings of the 16th IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2022, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP53622.2022.9768944.
K. Ma, Z. Li, P. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Geng, B. Yang, & X. Guan, “Reliability-constrained throughput optimization of industrial wireless sensor networks with energy harvest in relay,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 17, pp.13343-13354, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3065966.
L. Liu, G. Han, Z. Xu, L. Shu, M. Martinez-Garcia,, & B. Peng, “Predictive boundary tracking based on motion behavior learning for continuous objects in industrial wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 3239-3249, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2021.3049220.
S. Shukla, “Angle based critical nodes detection (ABCND) for reliable industrial wireless sensor networks,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 757-775, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10308-4.
S. Gavel, A. S. Raghuvanshi, & S. Tiwari, “A multilevel hybrid anomaly detection scheme for industrial wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of Network Management, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 21-44, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.2144.
P. Angueira, I. Val, J. Montalban, Ó. Seijo, E. Iradier, P. Sanz Fontaneda, L. Fanari, and A. Arriola, “A survey of physical layer techniques for secure wireless communications in industry,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 810-838, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2022.3148857.
S. Nandedkar, and S. Nawale, “Frequency and space diverse MIMO antenna with enhanced gain,” Journal of Integrated Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp.482-482, 2023.
D. Mukherjee, K. Gupta, L. H. Chang, and H. Najjaran, “A survey of robot learning strategies for human-robot collaboration in industrial settings,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 2231-2240, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2021.102231.
S. Sivakumar, R. Anusuya, V. Nagaraju, L. P. Narendruni, and R. Thamizhamuthu, “QoS based efficient link and consistent routing in wireless sensor network,” Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Technologies in Computing, Electrical and Electronics (IITCEE), 2023, pp. 1241-1246. https://doi.org/10.1109/IITCEE57236.2023.10091080.
W. Zhou, “Research on wireless sensor network access control and load balancing in the industrial digital twin scenario,” Journal of Sensors, vol. 2022, no. 2, pp. 1-12, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3929958.
Z. Wang, Y. Zhou, A. S. Bajenaid, & Y. Chen, “Design of wireless sensor network using statistical fractal measurements,” Fractals, vol. 30, no.2, pp. 224-235, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X22400928.
Z. Li, J. Xie, W. Liu, H. Zhang, and H. Xiang, “Transmit antenna selection and power allocation for joint multi-target localization and discrimination in MIMO radar with distributed antennas under deception jamming,” Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 3904-3920, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163904.
R. Kraemer, M. Methfessel, R. Kays, L. Underberg and A. C. Wolf, “ParSec: A PSSS approach to industrial radio with very low and very flexible cycle timing,” Proceedings of the 2016 24th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Budapest, 2016, pp. 1222-1226. https://doi.org/10.1109/EUSIPCO.2016.7760443.
K. Chen-Hu, G. C. Alexandropoulos, and A. G. Armada, “Differential data-aided beam training for RIS-empowered multi-antenna communications,” IEEE Access, vol.10, no.4, pp. 113200-113213, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3217204.
J. Youn, J. S. Yeom, J. Joung, and B. C. Jung, “Cooperative space-time line code for relay-assisted internet of things,” ICT Express, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 253-257, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2022.07.004.
I. Dey and N. Marchetti, “Space-Time- and Frequency- Spreading for Interference Minimization in Dense IoT,” IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 148-153, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTM.001.2200174.
A. S. Rajawat, S. B. Goyal, C. Chauhan, P. Bedi, M. Prasad, T. Jan, “Cognitive adaptive systems for industrial internet of things using reinforcement algorithm,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 217-226, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010217.
M. Brachvogel, M. Niestroj, M. Meurer, S. N. Hasnain, R. Stephan, and M. A. Hein, “Space-time adaptive processing as a solution for mitigating interference using spatially-distributed antenna arrays,” Navigation: Journal of the Institute of Navigation, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.592.
A. Moerman, J. Van Kerrebrouck, O. Caytan, I. Lima de Paula, L. Bogaert, G. Torfs, P. Demeester, H. Rogier, and S. Lemey, “Beyond 5G without obstacles: mmWave-over-fiber distributed antenna systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 27-33, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2100550.
A. Kaplan, J. Vieira, and E. G. Larsson, “Direct link interference suppression for bistatic backscatter communication in distributed MIMO,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 64, no. 2, pp.1-25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3285250.
T. Olofsson, A. Ahlén and M. Gidlund, “Modeling of the fading statistics of wireless sensor network channels in industrial environments,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 3021-3034, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2016.2539142.
S. Li, J. Zhang and X. Mu, “Non coherent massive space-time block codes for uplink network communications,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 5013-5027, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2815981.
A. Moerman, J. Van Kerrebrouck, O. Caytan, I. Lima de Paula, L. Bogaert, G. Torfs, P. Demeester, M. Moeneclaey, H. Rogier, and S. Lemey, “mmWave-Over-Fiber distributed antenna systems for reliable multi-Gbps wireless communication,” Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 3rd URSI Atlantic and Asia Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC), 2022, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.23919/AT-AP-RASC54737.2022.9814249.
N. A. Kamaruddin, A. Mahmud, M. Y. Bin Alias, A. Abd Aziz, and S. Yaakob, “Performance evaluation of reconfigurable intelligent surface against distributed antenna system at the cell edge,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 15, pp. 2376-2388, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152376.
A. Jabbar, Q. H. Abbasi, N. Anjum, T. Kalsoom, N. Ramzan, S. Ahmed, P. M. Rafi-ul-Shan, O. P. Falade, M. A. Imran, and M. Ur Rehman, “Millimeter-wave smart antenna solutions for URLLC in industry 4.0 and beyond,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 2688-2702, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072688.
J. Ansari, C. Andersson, P. de Bruin, J. Farkas, L. Grosjean, J. Sachs, J. Torsner et al., “Performance of 5G trials for industrial automation,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 3 pp. 412-430, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030412.
D. Kim, and D.-W. Seo, “Energy-efficient simultaneous wireless information and power transfer-enabled orthogonal multiple access under distributed antenna systems,” Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 196-203, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5916/jamet.2022.46.4.196.
D. Kim, M. Choi, and D.-W. Seo, “Energy-efficient power control for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer–nonorthogonal multiple access in distributed antenna systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 19, no.7, pp. 8205-8217, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3217503.
S. Jaeckel, L. Raschkowski, K. Borner, L. Thiele, F. Burkhardt, and E. Eberlein, “QuaDRiGa- Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator, user manual and documentation,” Fraunhofer Heinrich Herz Institute, Tech. Rep. v1.4.1-551, 2016.
S. Jaeckel, L. Raschkowski, K. Borner, L. Thiele, F. Burkhardt, and E. Eberlein, “QuaDRiGa- Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator, user manual and documentation,” Fraunhofer Heinrich Herz Institute, Tech. Rep. v.2.6.1, 2021.
M. El-Absi, S. Galih, M. Hoffmann, M. El-Hadidy and T. Kaiser, “Antenna selection for reliable MIMO-OFDM interference alignment systems: Measurement-based evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 2965-2977, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2441133.
A. Mehbodniya, S. Bhatia, A. Mashat, M. Elangovan, and S. Sengan, “Proportional fairness based energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network,” Computer Systems Science & Engineering, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1071-1081, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2022.021529.
S. Mohamed, “A novel robust and low complexity space time codes for industry 4.0 systems,” International Journal of wireless and mobile networks (IJWMN), vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1-16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2018.10501.
B. Holfeld, et al., “Radio channel characterization at 5.85 GHz for wireless M2M communication of industrial robots,” Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, 2016, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2016.7564890.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
International Journal of Computing is an open access journal. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:• Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
